Foragers, herders, farmers, fishers and peoples of forest and ice.
Transhumance is the seasonal movement of livestock between set pastures, often up to mountains in summer and down in winter.
Fallow is the resting period. Forest regrowth during the fallow restores the soil before the plot is used again.
Jhum is the term used in north-east India and Bangladesh. Milpa is used in Mesoamerica, chitemene in Zambia and kaingin in the Philippines.
Maize, beans and squash are grown together by the Haudenosaunee and other peoples of North America. Each plant helps the others.
These peoples of South-East Asia have traditionally lived on boats and from the sea, and are often called sea nomads.
Reindeer herding is central to Sámi culture in northern Europe and to the Nenets of Siberia.
Farming began roughly 12,000 years ago. For the far longer period before that, every human society lived by foraging.
Reviews of the evidence, including a 2021 United Nations report on Latin America, find lower deforestation in indigenous territories, especially where tenure is secure.
The quiz needs JavaScript. The answers: 1. Moving herds between fixed seasonal pastures; 2. The period when a plot is left to rest and regrow; 3. Jhum; 4. Maize, beans and squash; 5. Sea peoples of South-East Asia; 6. Reindeer; 7. About 12,000 years ago; 8. They have lower rates of deforestation than comparable land outside.
Every Monday: seven peoples you may never have heard of, who they are and where they live.